Open dataset · CC BY 4.0

Shadow AI Sector Policy Statistics

The same 11,890 AI tools, judged by 15 sector policies. Counts and shares only: no domains, no per-tool verdicts.

15Sectors
11,890AI tools per sector
10% to 82%Share blocked
165AI tool subcategories

Share of AI tools blocked, by sector

Block means unreachable. Controls means allowed with conditions such as a business account, SSO or inspection. Allow needs nothing special.

BlockControlsAllow
Defense & critical infrastructure
82%
K-12 schools
72%
Government & public sector
49%
Banks & financial services
47%
Insurers & brokers
46%
Healthcare
45%
Pharma & life sciences
44%
Law firms
43%
Accounting & tax firms
39%
MSP default (managed clients)
34%
Manufacturing & engineering
31%
General business
15%
Higher education
13%
Software & technology companies
13%
Marketing, media & creative agencies
10%

Download

Version 1.2.1, snapshot of 26 September 2026. Also on Figshare.

sector-verdicts.csvBlock, controls and allow per sector, 1 KB
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sector-category-defaults.csvBaseline verdict of every sector for each of the 18 categories, 16 KB
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sector-category-verdicts.csvFinal verdicts per sector and category, 23 KB
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sector-pairwise-disagreement.csvHow often each pair of sectors disagrees (105 pairs), 3 KB
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verdict-agreement-across-sectors.csvTools with 1, 2 or 3 distinct verdicts across the 15 sectors, 1 KB
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k12-category-rules.csvK-12 rule and outcome for each of the 18 categories, with rationale, 5 KB
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k12-subcategory-rules.csvK-12 rule for all 165 subcategories, with rationale, 21 KB
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k12-decision-layers.csvWhich rule layer decides the K-12 verdict, 1 KB
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README.mdDataset description, 5 KB
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DATA_DICTIONARY.mdColumns and values explained, 1 KB
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LICENSE.txtCC BY 4.0 licence, 1 KB
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CITATION.txtHow to cite, 1 KB
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CHANGELOG.mdVersion history, 1 KB
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manifest.jsonFile sizes and checksums (JSON), 2 KB
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SHA256SUMSChecksums, 1 KB
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Cite this dataset

Alpha Quantum (2026). Shadow AI Sector Policy Statistics (Version 1.2.1). Shadow AI Tools.

Research paper: Plibersek, S. (2026). Same Tools, Different Rules: Generative AI Acceptable-Use Policies Across Fifteen Sectors, with a Complete Policy Matrix for K-12 Schools (PDF, working paper; also on SSRN). It explains the 15 sector profiles behind this dataset and gives the full K-12 policy matrix. Companion paper: A Functional Taxonomy for AI Governance (SSRN).

Related open data: AI Agent Page-Type Statistics (page types across 40.8 million domains, for AI agent egress research); AI Tools Taxonomy and Statistics.

To see which of these tools your own organisation uses, run a free shadow AI audit on a DNS, proxy or firewall export.